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We have many pages for calculations, and I am very impressed by them, like the explosion yield calculations page, because the formula derived from the NewMark report is extremely impressive.
I have spent hours researching these pages and have come to many debunks and also many improvements. And I will discuss one here.
Please enjoy my report.
We must add a page called "Freezing Calculations"
This is a extremely common trope in fiction that deserves its own page. I will make one below that accounts for many different scenarios.
Freezing feats are a common trope in fiction, where characters may solidify a body of water, freeze other humans, or even freeze the surrounding air. At a surface level, these feats may appear straightforward and easy to quantify, but in practice, they present a wide range of complications that make scaling difficult. However, these feats are entirely calculable. This page will go into depth regarding how to calculate them, which method to use, and how to apply them.
Q = M × C × ΔT
Q = M x Lf
If an object begins above its freezing point (liquid or gas), you first have to calculate the energy required to cool it down to that point using:
Q = M × C × ΔT
This accounts for the heat loss or gain. It's the reduction or increase in temperature without a phase change.
A phase change is:
Once the target reaches its freezing point, or melting point, additional energy must take place for a phase change:
Q = M x Lf
This is the latent heat of fusion.
These are the formulas.
Freezing Liquids
This is the most straightforward and common type of freezing feat.
Freezing Gases
Freezing gases is more complex than freezing liquids, so multiple steps are definitely required.
Cooling the gas to its condensation point:
Q = M × C × ΔT
Condense the gas into a liquid:
Q = M × Lv
Cool the liquid to its freezing point:
Q = M × C × ΔT
Apply the phase change (freezing):
Q = M × Lf
The total energy is the sum of all steps.
Freezing gases requires far more energy than freezing liquids.
Freezing Solids
In some cases, a object may already be at or below its freezing point, but is further cooled. For example, turning a solid object brittle:
Cool the solid further:
Q = M × C × ΔT
No phase change is required unless shown in the feat.
Power= Q / T
Please enjoy my report.
I have spent hours researching these pages and have come to many debunks and also many improvements. And I will discuss one here.
Please enjoy my report.
We must add a page called "Freezing Calculations"
This is a extremely common trope in fiction that deserves its own page. I will make one below that accounts for many different scenarios.
Freezing feats are a common trope in fiction, where characters may solidify a body of water, freeze other humans, or even freeze the surrounding air. At a surface level, these feats may appear straightforward and easy to quantify, but in practice, they present a wide range of complications that make scaling difficult. However, these feats are entirely calculable. This page will go into depth regarding how to calculate them, which method to use, and how to apply them.
The Formulas
Specific Heat Capacity:Q = M × C × ΔT
- Q = Heat energy
- M = Mass
- C = Specific heat capacity
- ΔT = Change in temperature
Q = M x Lf
- Q = Heat energy
- M= Mass
- Lf = Latent heat of fusion
- Solid - Liquid (Lf)
- Liquid - Solid (Lf)
- Liquid - Gas (Lv)
- Gas - Liquid (Lv)
- Solid - Gas (Ls)
Applying These Formulas
Step 1: Cooling to the freezing pointIf an object begins above its freezing point (liquid or gas), you first have to calculate the energy required to cool it down to that point using:
Q = M × C × ΔT
This accounts for the heat loss or gain. It's the reduction or increase in temperature without a phase change.
A phase change is:
- Solid - Liquid (melting)
- Liquid - Solid (freezing)
- Liquid - Gas (vaporisation)
- Gas - Liquid (condensation)
- Solid - Gas (sublimation)
Once the target reaches its freezing point, or melting point, additional energy must take place for a phase change:
Q = M x Lf
This is the latent heat of fusion.
These are the formulas.
Different Scenarios
There are many different scenarios of freezing feats. The most common being freezing water or air.Freezing Liquids
This is the most straightforward and common type of freezing feat.
- Cool the liquid to its freezing point:
Q = M × C × ΔT - Apply the phase change (freezing):
Q = M × Lf
Freezing Gases
Freezing gases is more complex than freezing liquids, so multiple steps are definitely required.
Cooling the gas to its condensation point:
Q = M × C × ΔT
Condense the gas into a liquid:
Q = M × Lv
Cool the liquid to its freezing point:
Q = M × C × ΔT
Apply the phase change (freezing):
Q = M × Lf
The total energy is the sum of all steps.
Freezing gases requires far more energy than freezing liquids.
Freezing Solids
In some cases, a object may already be at or below its freezing point, but is further cooled. For example, turning a solid object brittle:
Cool the solid further:
Q = M × C × ΔT
No phase change is required unless shown in the feat.
Initial Temperature Assumptions
The initial temperature of objects is often unknown, and so for most cases, we must assume it.- Water: 20°C
- Air (room temperature): 20°C
Time (Instant vs Slow Freezing)
Time is a big factor in interpreting freezing feats.- Gradual freezing:
Energy is dependent on time, heat dissipates naturally into the environment and energy output by the character is lowered. - Instant freezing:
The same total energy is removed in an extremely short time frame, implying a much higher power output.
Power= Q / T
- Q = Heat energy
- T = Time
Please enjoy my report.
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